Men’s health covers conditions specific to male anatomy, such as erectile dysfunction and bladder or prostate symptoms, together with the conditions men in Canada are more likely to be diagnosed with late: heart and blood vessel disease, metabolic conditions and the effects of smoking. This page is a way in to the specific conditions.
By the numbers in Canada
79.6 yearswas life expectancy at birth for males in Canada in 2023, 4.4 years less than for females. Health-adjusted life expectancy, the years lived in full health, was 66.4 years.
Worldwide5 years is roughly the global gap in life expectancy between the sexes: in 2021 the world average was 73.8 years for women and 68.4 years for men.Source: Our World in Data, 2021
Conditions in this area
Erectile dysfunction: ongoing difficulty getting or keeping an erection. In a Canadian primary care study of men aged 40 to 88, about half reported some degree of it.
Nocturia: waking at night to pass urine, affecting 9.1 per cent of adults in Canada and 23.8 per cent of adults over 65 when defined as twice or more a night.
Overactive bladder: a sudden strong urge to pass urine as the main problem, with frequency by day and often at night.
Cardiovascular disease: heart and blood vessel disease, whose most common form affects about 1 in 12 adults in Canada.
Smoking cessation: nicotine dependence and what quitting support is funded in each province and territory. About 3.5 million people in Canada still smoke.
Weight conditions: overweight and obesity as long-term medical conditions that interact with blood pressure, blood sugar and sleep.
Blood pressure, blood sugar, weight, sleep and smoking sit underneath most of the conditions on this page, and they are all assessed in primary care. Illustrative photograph.
What these conditions have in common
Much of this list runs on the same plumbing. Erections depend on healthy blood vessels and nerves, so new erectile difficulty is often the first visible sign of a blood vessel problem that also affects the heart. Bladder and prostate symptoms overlap with sleep, and poor sleep feeds back into weight, blood pressure and mood. Smoking and weight sit underneath most of it. Treat one and you frequently move several.
The other shared feature is timing. Men in Canada tend to come to health care later, and life expectancy at birth for males was 79.6 years in 2023, 4.4 years less than for females. Part of that gap involves conditions that were findable earlier, which is why this page leans on symptoms worth acting on rather than on reassurance. These conditions affect anyone with the relevant anatomy, including transgender, non-binary and gender-diverse people.
Treatment and management in Canada
Nearly all of this starts in primary care, with a urologist, cardiologist or sleep clinic involved when the picture calls for it. Depending on your situation, a health care team may discuss:
Blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar management
Medicines for erectile dysfunction, and separate medicines for bladder and prostate symptoms
Quit-smoking support, counselling and medicines, funded in every province and territory
Weight and metabolic care, including dietitian support and newer medicines
Pelvic floor physiotherapy and bladder retraining, which are not only for women
Assessment for sleep apnoea when snoring comes with daytime sleepiness
Mental health support, including for depression and anxiety, which men more often describe as tiredness or irritability
What fits depends on your history and what you want to change. Those are decisions for you and your own clinician, and nothing here is a recommendation about any of them.
When to talk to a doctor
Chest pain or pressure, pain spreading to the arm or jaw, sudden breathlessness, or sudden weakness on one side needs emergency care. Call 911.
Sudden severe pain and swelling in a testicle, or an erection that will not go down after a few hours, needs emergency care.
Being unable to pass urine at all, with a full and painful bladder, needs same-day care.
Blood in the urine or semen, or a new lump in a testicle, should be assessed promptly.
New erectile difficulty is worth an appointment, because it can be an early sign of a blood vessel or hormonal problem.
Snoring with daytime sleepiness, or waking repeatedly to pass urine, is worth raising.
Why research in this area matters
The research questions here are shaped by that late-diagnosis pattern. Some studies are about the conditions themselves: newer options for bladder and prostate symptoms, treatments for heart and metabolic disease, and approaches to sexual function. Others are about reach, testing whether quit-smoking or weight programs delivered by phone or app get used by men who would not attend a clinic. There are also gaps in the Canadian evidence: the national figure for erectile dysfunction comes from a study published in 2006.
Studies are how those gaps close. Taking part is voluntary, you give informed consent first, and you can withdraw at any time without affecting the care you get from your own doctor. No one can tell in advance whether a study will help you personally.
This page is written in plain language for people considering clinical research. It is general health information, not medical advice, and it does not replace a conversation with your own doctor or nurse practitioner.
Common questions
Why do men in Canada have a shorter life expectancy?
There is no single reason. Statistics Canada recorded life expectancy at birth of 79.6 years for males and 84.0 years for females in 2023. Higher rates of smoking and heavy drinking, more deaths from injuries and overdose, higher rates of cardiovascular disease at younger ages, and later contact with health care all contribute. Several of those are things care and research can act on.
Is erectile dysfunction just part of getting older?
Age is a factor, but it is not the whole story. Erections depend on blood vessels, nerves, hormones and psychological factors, so new difficulty can be an early sign of a blood vessel or hormonal problem. In a Canadian primary care study of men aged 40 to 88, about half reported some degree of erectile dysfunction. It is worth assessing rather than accepting.
Does this page cover everyone?
The conditions here affect anyone with the relevant anatomy, including transgender, non-binary and gender-diverse people. We use the word men because that is how most Canadian health information and most study eligibility criteria are still written.
What to do next
Talk to your doctor. This guide is information, not medical advice.
JoinAStudy.ca provides information about clinical research and does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Only a qualified study doctor can determine your eligibility for a study. Participation is always voluntary.
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